Mechanisms linking prenatal environment and linear growth: the case of Ramadan during pregnancy

Despite established links between prenatal nutritional deprivation and impaired offspring growth, the underlying dynamics and potential moderators remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the dynamics underlying Ramadan during pregnancy and its associations with children’s linear growth, using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (1993 - 2015). We exploit Ramadan during pregnancy as a natural experiment, separating exposure from maternal background characteristics and season …