Update on Pediatric Cancer Surveillance Recommendations for Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Noonan Syndrome, CBL Syndrome, Costello Syndrome, and Related RASopathies

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Noonan syndrome and related syndromes, grouped as the RASopathies, result from dysregulation of the RAS-MAPK pathway and demonstrate varied multisystemic clinical phenotypes. Together the RASopathies are among the more prevalent genetic cancer predisposition syndromes and require nuanced clinical management. When compared to the general population, children with RASopathies are at significantly increased risk of benign and malignant neoplasms. In the last …