Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are neoplastic myeloid proliferations characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis resulting in peripheral blood cytopenias. MDS is distinguished from non-neoplastic clonal myeloid proliferations by the presence of morphologic dysplasia and from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by a blast threshold of 20%. The diagnosis of MDS can be challenging due to the myriad other causes of cytopenias: accurate diagnosis requires the integration of clinical features with …